This article appears in the May 2017 issue of Potato Grower.
The Texas A&M AgriLife Research plant pathology team in Amarillo, Texas, intentionally infected potato plants with psyllids positive with the bacterium that causes zebra chip, a disease that has plagued the potato industry for the past 15 years. The outcome is some promising germplasm that will help in the battle against the costly disease, says plant pathologist Charlie Rush.
Rush and senior research scientist Fekede Workneh conducted the study funded by a grant from the Texas Department of Agriculture to look for potato varieties that have resistance to zebra chip bred into them.
“If potato varieties with genetic resistance can be identified, growers will have another tool in developing a comprehensive integrated pest management program to battle against the disease,” says Rush.
The battle against zebra chip of potato began in South Texas in 2000, and by 2006 to 2008, damage caused by the disease in the Rio Grande Valley, Pearsall, West Texas and the High Plains reached into the millions of dollars annually.
However, early on, no one knew what was causing this devastating disease or how it was spreading so quickly, Rush says. While the disease was not harmful to humans, the discoloration it caused prompted the potatoes to be discounted going into the market.
In 2008, the potato psyllid was shown to be spreading the disease from plant to plant, but the actual cause of the disease was still unknown. Then in 2009, the bacterium, which is vectored by the potato psyllid and causes zebra chip, was identified as Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum, or Lso.
Today, Rush said producers can only reduce their losses to zebra chip by controlling the psyllid with multiple applications of insecticides.
“This has prevented the catastrophic losses experienced by growers in the mid 2000s,” he says. “But [it] is very expensive and doesn’t provide growers with the number of management options they typically have available when dealing with other insect and disease problems.”
However, the industry is looking to research teams such as AgriLife Research’s to find more efficient and economical methods to battle the disease. One such method would be to find potato varieties with a resistance to Lso, or to the psyllids that transmit the pathogen from plant to plant.
Workneh says the team used two different sources of germplasm for the potato disease screening field trials in 2016: the Texas A&M University potato breeding program led by Creighton Miller in College Station, Texas, and the USDA potato breeding program in Aberdeen, Idaho, headed up by Rich Novy.
“The germplasm from Dr. Novy is very wild and often the tubers from these plants look nothing like what is available in the grocery store, while the materials from Dr. Miller’s program are advanced in the breeding process and much nearer to commercialization,” Rush says. “Obviously, it would be great to find something from Dr. Miller’s advanced lines that had good resistance, but finding anything with strong resistance, even in the wildest germplasm, bodes well for availability of resistant varieties in the future.”
Novy sent seed tubers from 10 germplasm lines to the team in Amarillo; Miller’s program sent seven.
“We planted them in tents at the research farm near Bushland, with four plants per tent, and replicated each tent twice under center pivot,” says Workneh. “Positive-testing psyllids raised in the greenhouse were placed in the tents—six per plant—after flowering.”
He says the psyllids were left on the plants for a week before an insecticide was applied.
“Normally after potatoes are infected, symptoms will show within a month,” says Workneh. “However, under this study, the potatoes were left for about 50 days to ensure anything infected would be exhibiting symptoms.”
The potatoes were dug up, sliced and rated visually for tuber symptoms on a scale from 0 to 3, with 0 meaning no infection and 3 being the worst. After they were rated visually, the slices were molecularly tested for titer levels—how much bacteria concentration the potato contained.
“The severely infected potatoes will actually go down in titer level after a period of time, but only because they degrade rapidly if they initially had high titers,” says Workneh.
The results have all been gathered, and Workneh says the study resulted in some promising germplasm in the battle against zebra chip, especially three or four lines from the Texas A&M program and one or two from the USDA. All these will need to be further field-tested to verify the 2016 results.
Workneh says the results will now be passed back to the breeders for further inclusion in their breeding programs.
“Although the process seems painstakingly slow at times, it is necessary to provide the public with the high-quality produce they demand and to which they have become accustomed in the U.S.,” says Rush.